I know that in the ventilation industry you have to figure a certain cfm% loss everytime you turn air. Its pretty much a mechanical function and the % is not affected by the volume. I'm not sure how torque/hp works.
I found this thread . It may help. But most of it is over my head.
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"The object of life is not to be on the side of the majority, but to
escape finding oneself in the ranks of the insane."
Marcus Aurelius
For large helical gearboxes we figure 2% per mesh if mounted on anti-friction bearings. It's based on average sliding friction between the gear teeth. Your mileage may vary.
Frictional resistance is proportional to the force with which the two moving objects press together. This means that changes in frictional losses in the driveline are proportional to the changes in the force being translated through the driveline. This means that when you make more HP, you lose more HP. It's one of the cruelest twists of physics.
Kind of like death and taxes. There's no escaping it.
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